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The Agreement
The Explanation

Agreement between Firespace Recordings (hereinafter referred to as "the Label", “we”, “us”, “our”) and the person or persons (hereinafter referred to as “the Artist”, “you”, “your”) collectively named herein in the section designated as Artist identification. 


Firespace Recordings is registered in the Netherlands with COC: 66661080 whose registered office is at Ir. J. P. van Muijlwijkstraat 2-25 6828 BS Arnhem.


This agreement shall be deemed effective as of the date the first demo is mailed by the Artist to the Label.
Description of involved parties plus the company information as required and registered by the Dutch Chamber of Commerce.
WHEREAS: 
The Label a is company who specialises in releasing sound recordings predominantly to buy and stream portals, monetizable platforms as well as administering and collecting royalties and all services customarily rendered by a Label in the music industry; and the Label wishes to have the benefit of the non-exclusive services of the Artist as an Artist / Producer of sound recordings as offered to Firespace Recordings for its services.

The Artist is the owner and authorized administrator of the sound recording and the Artist wishes to assign to the Label copyright and other ancillary rights and licenses vested in designated sound recordings pursuant to the terms of this agreement and is entitled to do so.

If the Artist is a minor, this agreement is agreed on behalf of the parent or guardian.
Description of activities of involved parties including a brief description of the cooperation both sides will engage in.
ENGAGEMENT: 
The Label hereby engages Artist to render such entertainment services and Artist hereby accepts such engagement and agrees to render such services in the Territory, to the Label on the agreed terms of this agreement.
Description of the active engagement (= official notification of working together) under the terms of this agreement.
TERM AND OPTIONS: 
The term of this agreement shall commence as of the date of the first demo submission and shall continue for every delivery of the master recorded. This agreement applies to this recording, and any further recordings that are delivered by the artist.
Description to which sound recordings (= your demo submissions) the terms will apply. Only applies to demo's yousubmit to us.
SERVICES:
Artist is hereby engaged to provide various services within the furtherance of Artist’s career in the music industry as set forth in this agreement.  

RECORDING REQUIREMENTS:
During the agreement, the artist may supply recordings on a irregular basis. This is to relieve any pressure from a constant release schedule. Any future recordings offered as demo will be approved on an individual basis by the record Label. Label shall have the right and opportunity to have a representative attend each recording session.
  1. Each master shall be subject to Label's approval as technically satisfactory for the manufacture and sale of Records. Notwithstanding the foregoing, artist is encouraged to experiment with styles, preferably compared to previous releases by artist. All masters shall be produced by producers mutually approved by Artist and Label. 

  1. Artist may re-record songs if requested by the Record Label. This is to be done on an individual basis per song. The record Label reserves the right to decline a recording, if the artist refuses to co-operate.
Should Artist fail to appear at any recording session of which Artist has been given written notice, for any reason, unless Artist gives forty-eight (48) hours written notice to Label of an inability to appear as scheduled, Label shall have the right to recoup any of its out-of pocket expenses in respect of such session from Artist's Royalties if and when earned.

Recording Production and Expenses:
Any budget spent on the production of the recording will be at the expense of the artist. Artist is primarily responsible for the budget wheras Record Label will ensure that the cost of expenses is deemed sensible for the recording.
Only upon written approval by the Label any Recording Costs paid or payable by Label under this agreement shall be an Expense as defined in this agreement. Recording Costs incurred by Label in respect of masters in excess of the recording budget approved by Label, shall be an Advance as defined in this agreement.  Artist shall not incur any Recording Costs, not previously approved by Label (“Unauthorised Expense”), without Label's written approval, and Artist failure to act accordingly shall be deemed a material breach of this agreement and Artist shall be personally responsible for such expense to any third party. If Label chooses to pay for such Unauthorized Expense then the Unauthorised Expense shall be treated as an Advance.

Artist represents it will cooperate with publicity and promotional efforts of the Label to support sales of the record by appearing from time to time as requested by Label. If travel is required beyond 50km of the home-city, then Label shall pay for the costs of transportation and such costs shall be considered Expenses under this agreement, such costs shall be payable within 60 days following presentment of such fuel and transportation costs provided however in the event that Artist is required to travel by airplane, Label shall prepay such travel and lodging for the entire length of such promotional effort.

ARTWORK:
Label shall license the exclusive right from the Artist of the copyright in all artwork created for and incorporated into packaging of Artist’s Records (“Artwork”) released pursuant to this agreement. All costs of preparation of such artwork or paid by Label for preparation and rights to Artwork shall be an Expense as set forth in this agreement. Label agrees to consult with Artist in connection with the preparation of the Artwork. However, in the event of a dispute, the decision of Label shall prevail.

MASTER RIGHTS:

All songs recorded and/or submitted during the term shall be together with the performances embodied therein shall be the combined property of Label and Artist for the duration of copyright, throughout the Territory, free of any claim whatsoever by any persons deriving any rights or interests from Artist. Label shall have the right to secure registration of the sound recording copyright in and to the masters in Label's name as the owner and author thereof and to secure any and all renewals of such copyright. Nevertheless, you shall, upon our request, execute and deliver to us any assignments of copyright (including renewals and extensions thereof) in and to such master recordings as may deemed necessary. Label (and its Licensees) shall have the sole and exclusive right to use the masters throughout the Territory or any part thereof in any manner it sees fit, including, without limitation, the sole and exclusive right for the duration of copyright throughout the Territory:
  1. To manufacture, advertise, sell, distribute, lease, license, or otherwise use or dispose of the masters and Records embodying the songs, in any or all fields of use, including Digital Transmissions, by any method now or hereafter known, upon such terms and conditions as Label may elect or, in its sole discretion, refrain therefrom

  1. To use and publish the names (including all professional, group, and assumed or fictitious names), photographs and biographical material or Artist, in connection with the promotion, exploitation and sale of Records

  1. To release derivatives of any one or more of the masters on any medium or device now or hereafter known, under any name, trademark or Label which Label and its Licensees may from time to time elect.

  1. Notwithstanding Label’s rights set forth in this paragraph, Label agrees that it will not, without Artist’s written permission, license any master recorded and released hereunder in the following exploitations: for synchronisation in films with an 18 rating or greater, synchronisation in a scene in any audiovisual production involving nudity, synchronisation in any media advertisement containing any political message or sales of products involving personal hygiene, liquor, or any moral questionable products.

Label shall, with Artist previous written approval, permit the use of any master in the advertisement, endorsement or sponsorship of any product or service as it sees fit.



VIDEO RIGHTS:
During the term hereof, Label shall alongside the Artist have the exclusive worldwide right to manufacture and distribute audiovisual programs (“Videos”) for commercial and/or promotional purposes including any commercial sale or other exploitation of so-called "long form" Videos or authorise others to do so. All recording and production costs directly or indirectly incurred in connection with the creation of Videos shall be considered Expenses. 

DISTRIBUTION AND RELEASE COMMITMENT:

Distribution agreement: Label shall secure retail distribution for the sound recording released under the term by an independent distributor or otherwise agreed by artist capable of national distribution (“National Distributor”) no later than six (6) months after delivery of the masters by Artist. 


Label shall release, any master recorded under this agreement within six (6) months after delivery of the respective master via normal retail channels in configuration of a compact disc and/or digital format through a National Distributor. In the event Label fails to release the master as set forth herein, Artist shall give written notice to Label of its failure to release pursuant to this paragraph. Label shall have an additional sixty (60) days from the date of receipt of written notice by Artist of Label’s failure to release, to secure a National Distributor and release the sound recording. If Label fails to release the master with a National Distributor within sixty (60) days following receipt of written notice by Artist, Label shall have no right to exercise this agreement to the master and the agreement shall terminate by its own terms with neither party having any future obligations to the other except as it relates to the rights granted for any master recorded and released by Label including, but not limited to, the payment of royalties to Artist.  


Label shall use reasonable endeavours to procure the release in as many territories as possible of the master hereunder. In the event that Label has not procured the release of the master in as many as possible territories within twelve (12) months of the master release thereof and such failure continues for sixty (60) days after Label has received from Artist written notice of such failure then Artist shall be entitled to terminate this agreement with respect to any of the above territories in which the master remains unreleased and all rights from Label in the unreleased master shall revert to Artist with respect to that territory without further formality.


Artist may purchase from Label records for sale at its live performances at Label’s best wholesale price based for sales on like quantities. Gross Receipts paid by Artist to Label for these units will be used to reimburse Label for Expenses; they will not, however, be royalty-bearing units under this agreement. Artist shall be restricted from selling sound recordings purchased from Label for direct person to person sale and shall not be offered for sale by Artist through Artist’s website or any other distribution network. 


SIDE ARTIST:

Artist shall not be prohibited from performing as a so-called "side artist" for third parties. In connection with any such sound recording for anyone other than Label, the following conditions shall apply:

  1. On any liner or inserts, Artist's name shall not appear in larger size type than any other side artist

  2. Only the Artist may appear on the same sound recording without Label's written consent 

  3. Artist is allowed to render a solo performance without prior consent to Label.


GROUP ARTIST & LEAVING MEMBER:

The Artist's obligations under this agreement are joint and several. All references to "Artist" include all members of the group collectively and each member individually, unless otherwise specified herein

  1. If any member of Artist ceases to perform as a member of the group ("Leaving Member"), Artist shall promptly give Label written notice of such occurrence (the “Leaving Member Notice").  If the group disbands, each member of the group shall be deemed a Leaving Member

  1. Any individuals within the sound recording are allowed to perform, and create masters for other Record Labels - providing that they are not offered to Firespace Recordings for release.

  1. If there is a leaving member during the duration of this agreement, the Record Label may continue the agreement - providing that both parties agree to the offer. In this event, a meeting shall be scheduled to discuss options regarding the artist and the Record Label.

  1. Artist grants to Label an irrevocable option to engage the exclusive services of a Leaving Member as a recording artist.  Said option, with respect to such individual, may be exercised by Label by giving Artist notice at any time before the expiration of sixty (60) days after Label's receipt of the Leaving Member Notice.  In the event of Label's exercise of such option, Artist and such Leaving Member shall be deemed to have entered into an agreement with Label upon all the terms and conditions of this agreement except that Label shall have the right to exercise the same number of options to extend the terms of this agreement for the Leaving Member as such options are available to Label for Artist; and all Royalties and compensations payable hereunder to Leaving Member shall be equal to those Label is obligated to pay Artist.

  1. A Leaving Member shall not, without Label's consent, use the professional name and all properties of the group in any commercial artistic endeavour; said professional name shall remain the property of the group who continue to perform their obligations hereunder and whose engagements are not terminated.


MECHANICAL LICENSE:

All musical compositions or material recorded pursuant to this agreement, which are written or composed, in whole or in part, or owned or controlled directly or indirectly by Artist or any producer of masters subject thereto (herein "Controlled Compositions") appearing on the masters and released on Records hereunder, shall be and are hereby for the term licensed to Label for the Territory for Controlled Compositions appearing on sound recordings released by Label. 


All Royalty payments for mechanical licenses for sound recordings distributed and sold by Label shall be part of Artist’s Royalty payment set forth herein. Artist understands Label shall not calculate or pay Artist a separate mechanical Royalty for sales of sound recordings unless such payment is made and received by a third party licensor, distributor, Label, etc. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, Label shall be responsible for paying any mechanical royalties owed to third parties for a composition (“Composition”), including co-authors of co-written Controlled mechanical royalty payment shall be considered an Expense.

LICENSING AND COLLECTION OF MECHANICAL ROYALTIES:
Mechanical royalties for the Controlled Compositions may be collected by Firespace Publishing. If any mechanical licenses are issued directly by Label, it shall do so at the then current statutory rate (with such reduced rates for special types of sales or distribution for which Label customarily grants reduced rates to non-affiliated record companies).

COLLECTION OF INCOME:

During this agreement and thereafter when specifically set forth, Label shall receive and collect: 

  1. all Gross Receipts derived from advances, royalties or fees or income derived from the sales or licenses of the masters recorded hereunder including but not limited to sales of sound recordings

  1. except for collection and distribution of the performance royalties as set forth in paragraphs 15 and 16 of this agreement, all Gross Receipts derived from advances, royalties or fees paid to Artist for publishing income derived from the exploitations and licenses of the Controlled Compositions issued by Label

  1. during the agreement only and subject to the terms of paragraph INDEMNIFICATION of this agreement, all Gross Receipts derived from advances, royalties or fees paid for Live Performances  by Artist and procured by Label. 

ROYALTIES:

Minus the fees and all recoupable costs, Label agrees to pay royalties (“Royalties”) to Artist as follows:

  1. Sixty percent (60%) of Net Receipts in respect to the commercialisation of the Works.

  1. Sixty percent (60%) of the Net Receipts received by Label as a result of exploitation of the Works in relation to coupling and/or synchronisation of the Works with visuals in any digital or physical format for the purpose of, including but not limited to advertising and promotion.

  1. An additional Twenty percent (20%) of the Net Receipts received by Label over Royalties 1 & 2 if the Mixdown and Mastering is fully covered by Artist and the final master is approved by Label.

ROYALTY ACCOUNTING:

Payments as to royalties payable hereunder shall be sent by Label to Artist on a quarterly basis, no more than 90 days after the month ending the quarterly period being March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31 together with payment of accrued Royalties, if any, earned by Artist hereunder during quarterly period. 

  1. Royalties in respect to Gross Receipts received outside of the Netherlands shall be computed in the national currency in which Label is paid and shall be credited to Artist's royalty account hereunder at the same rate of exchange as Label is paid, and shall be proportionately subject to any transfer or comparable taxes that may be imposed upon Label's receipts.

  1. Artist shall be deemed to have consented to all royalty payments and all other accountings rendered by Label hereunder and each such royalty payment or other accounting shall be conclusive, final, and binding and shall not be subject to any objection for any reason whatsoever unless specific objection in writing, stating the basis thereof, is given by Artist to us within one (1) year after the date rendered.

  1. Label shall maintain books of account concerning the all exploitations of the rights granted to Label hereunder including sale of Records, Merchandise, Publishing or Live Performances.  Artist, or an accountant, in Artist's behalf, may, at Artist's sole expense, examine our said books relating to the all exploitations of rights hereunder solely for the purpose of verifying the accuracy thereof, only during our normal business hours and upon reasonable written notice.  Label's books relating to any particular royalty payment may be examined as aforesaid only within one (1) year after the date rendered and Label shall have no obligation to permit Artist to so examine our such books relating to any particular royalty payment more than once.

  1. In respect of your Entertainment Services, Label shall keep and maintain four (4) separate, distinct and non-cross-collateralised sets of accounts, in respect of:

    1. Artist’s Services in relation to your activities as recording artists; 

    2. Artist’s Services as songwriter and composer; 

    3. Artist’s Services in relation to merchandise and

    4. Artist’s services in relation to live performances.

NAME & LIKENESS:

During the term of this agreement and for as long as Label shall be entitled to the rights granted to it under this agreement, including the sale of Records or to sell or distribute Merchandise or exploit Artist’s Controlled Compositions, Artist hereby licenses to Label the non-exclusive right, and to license others the non-exclusive right, to use Artist's name, approved likeness, voice, approved biographical material or other identification for use in association with any promotion, marketing or advertising, in any medium now known and existing or that is created in the future. However, during the term of this agreement, Artist will not license or consent to the use of Artist's name, likeness, voice, biographical material or other identification, for or in connection with the recording or exploitation of Records under this agreement by or for anyone other than Label. This paragraph shall not limit Label’s rights it has been granted in this agreement regarding Merchandising Rights set forth in this agreement. 


Artist shall apply for and obtain in Artist's name, and at Artist's expense, registration of a official trademark and/or service mark for Artist's professional name and /or logo in connection with the use thereof in all areas of the entertainment industry, including, without limitation, in connection with the recording and sale of phonograph records, the establishment of fan clubs, the rendition of concerts and live performances, and the sale of clothing and other merchandise.  If Artist fails to apply for and obtain official registration of any such trademark, Label shall thereafter have the right to apply for and obtain official registration of any such trademark, in Artist's name, for which costs shall be considered an Advance.


WARRANTIES AND REPRESENTATIONS:

Artist warrants and represents the following:


Artist is not now and during the term shall not be a party to or bound by any agreement or agreement that will interfere in any manner with the manufacture and marketing and sale of the Recording by Label. Artist is under no disability, restriction or prohibition with respect to Artist's right to sign and perform under this agreement. 

  1. The Compositions and performances embodied in the Recordings, and any use thereof by Label or its grantees, licensees, or assigns, will not violate or infringe upon the rights of any third party.  Artist has secured all proper licenses for the right to perform and record all or any part of the performances or recording embodied on Artist's master including for the use of any third party's recording or composition for use in what is commonly known as "sampling", "replay", or "interpolation". 

  1. Artist expressly acknowledges that Artist’s services hereunder are of a special, unique, and intellectual character which gives them peculiar value. Artist expressly agrees that in the event Artist shall breach any provisions of this agreement, Label shall be entitled to seek injunctive relief and/or damages, as Label may deem appropriate, in addition to any other rights or remedies available to Label, and Label shall have the right to recoup any such damages resulting from any such breach, which shall be reduced to a final, adverse judgment, from any monies which may be payable to you hereunder or under any other agreement between Artist and Label or Label’s our affiliates.

  1. Artist warrants that it is the sole owner of its professional name and that Artist has the sole and exclusive right to use and to allow others to use the Artist's professional name in connection with Artist’s Entertainment Services. 

  1. Artist understands that the record industry and sales of records is speculative and that Label makes no warranty or representations as to the success of the sales of Artist's Records distributed and sold hereunder. 

  1. Artist hereby warrants and represents that it has the right to enter into this agreement and to grant to Label any rights granted herein, and that the exercise by Label of any and all rights with respect to the Controlled Compositions will not violate or infringe upon any common law or statutory rights of any person, firm or corporation, including without limitation, agreementual rights, copyrights and rights of privacy.  The rights granted herein are free and clear of any claims, demands, liens or encumbrances.  Artist acknowledges that Label has the right to administer and publish compositions other than Artist’s Controlled Compositions.

  1. The rights of the parties hereto in and to each Controlled Compositions shall extend for the full term of the copyright of said Controlled Compositions and of any derivative copyrights therein the Territory. 

  1. The parties hereto shall execute any further documents including without limitation, assignments of copyrights, and do all acts necessary to fully effectuate the terms and provisions of this agreement. 


INDEMNIFICATION:
Both Label and Artist agree to and do hereby indemnify, save and hold each other harmless of and from any and all loss and damage (including reasonable legal fees) arising out of or connected with any claim by any one or more third parties or any act by each other which is inconsistent with any of the warranties, representations, and/or agreements made by each party herein, and agrees to reimburse each other on written demand for any reasonable payment made by either party at any time with respect to any liability or claim to which the foregoing indemnity applies.  Pending the determination of any claim involving such alleged breach or failure, Label may withhold sums due Artist hereunder in an amount consistent with such claim. Any judgments against Label and any settlements by Label of claims against Artist together with costs and expenses, including counsel fees shall be paid to Label promptly upon demand and may also be recouped by Label from any Royalties payable to Artist hereunder.

CURE OF BREACH:
Neither party will be deemed in breach unless the other party gives notice and the notified party fails to cure within sixty (60) days after receiving notice [thirty (30) days, in the case of a payment of money]; provided, that if the alleged breach does not involve a payment of money and is of such a nature that it cannot be completely cured within sixty (60) days, the notified party will not be deemed to be in breach if the notified party commences the curing of the alleged breach within such thirty-day period and proceeds to complete the curing thereof with due diligence within a reasonable time thereafter.

ENTIRE AGREEMENT:
This agreement sets forth the entire understanding between the parties, and can be changed, modified or cancelled by the record label if no money is involved and upon written notice in case money is involved.

SUSPENSIONS AND DEFAULT:

Label reserves the right by written notice to Artist to suspend its obligation hereunder and/or to extend the expiration date of the then-current agreement Period for the duration of the following contingencies if by reason of such contingencies it is materially hampered in the recording, manufacture, distribution or sale of Records, or its normal business operations become commercially impractical: labour disagreements, fire, catastrophe, rampant diseases, racial tension, disfunctional government (bodies), conflicting laws, shortage of materials or any cause beyond Label's control.


In the event of any default or breach by Artist in the performance of any of Artist's obligation or warranties hereunder, Label, by written notice to Artist, in addition to any other rights or remedies which it may have at law or otherwise, at its election, may decide after a (visual) chat to terminate the term or suspend its obligations hereunder for the duration of such default or breach and/or may extend the expiration date of the then-current agreement Period for a period equal to all or any part of the period of such default or breach.

APPROVAL:
Wherever in this agreement Artist's approval or consent is required, Artist's approval shall not be withheld unreasonably and failure to give such approval or disapproval within seven (7) days of notice by Label shall be deemed an approval by Artist. When such approval is to be mutual, in the event of a dispute Label’s decision shall control.  

ASSIGNMENT:
Label shall have the right to assign this agreement or any of Label's rights hereunder or to delegate our obligations hereunder or any part thereof to any third party.  Specifically, but not limiting the generality of the foregoing, Label shall have the right to enter into a long term recording, production or distribution agreement, on terms no less favourable than those contained herein, for the provision of Artist’s services as exclusive recording artists or assigning any of our rights hereunder with any "Major" record company or nationally distributed independent Label, (as those terms are understood in the recording industry). Artist's rights and obligations hereunder are personal and non-delegable.

INVALIDITY OF TERMS:
If any clause, sentence, paragraph or part of this agreement, or the application thereof to any person, shall for any reason be adjudged by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, such judgment shall be limited and confined in its operation to the clause, sentence, paragraph or part thereof directly involved in the controversy in which such judgment shall have been rendered and to the person involved.

NOTICES:
All notices hereunder required to be given to Label shall be sent to Label at its address first mentioned herein and all royalty payments (and payments) and all notices to Artist shall be sent to Artist as Artist's address first mentioned herein, or such other address as each party respectively may hereafter designate by notice in writing to each other. All notices shall be in writing and shall be sent by registered mail or certified mail, return receipt requested. The day of mailing of any such notice shall be deemed the date of the giving thereof.  Royalty payments (and payments) may be sent by regular mail.

APPLICABLE LAW:
This agreement has been entered into in the Netherlands and the validity, interpretation and legal effect of this agreement shall be governed by the laws of the The Netherlands applicable to agreements entered into and performed entirely within the the World with respect to the determination of any claim, dispute or disagreement which may arise out of the interpretation, performance or breach of this agreement.  


AMENDMENT:
This writing sets forth the entire understanding between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof, and no modification, amendment, waiver termination or discharge of this agreement shall be binding upon the Label unless confirmed by a written instrument signed by an authorised officer of the Label.  No waiver of any provision or any default under this agreement shall constitute a waiver by Label of compliance thereafter with the same or any other provision or its right to enforce the same or any other provision thereafter.

MEDIATION:
Any claim or dispute arising out of or relating to this agreement or the breach thereof shall first attempt to be settled by mediation in accordance with the rules and regulations of the relevant Association governing single member panels or any other mediation procedure agreed to by the parties. In the event mediation of the parties hereto is not successful then each party hereto shall have the right to pursue any claim arising out of the dispute by any other legal means available to them within the competent jurisdiction.

MISCELLANEOUS:

Nothing contained herein shall constitute a partnership between or a joint venture by Label and Artist. 


The Artist’s obligations under this agreement are joint and several. All references to "Artist" include all members of the group collectively and each member individually, unless otherwise specified herein.


“Artist" shall refer to the members of the group as presently comprised and such other individual(s) who at any given time during the term hereof shall then comprise the group.   Any substituted individual of Artist’s group will be deemed a party to this agreement and shall agree in writing to be bound by all of the terms and conditions of this agreement. Artist shall promptly deliver to Label any documents as Label may require executed by such substituted member, as Label, in its judgment, may deem necessary or advisable to effectuate the institution of such substituted member.


Artist agrees to execute any additional agreements as necessary to effectuate the rights granted to Label in this agreement including but not limited to letters of direction, copyright assignments or authorization letters.  

RIGHT TO LEGAL REPRESENTATION:
Artist represents and warrants that Artist has read this agreement and Artist understand that this is an important legal document. Artist hereby represents and warrants that Artist has been advised of its right to seek independent legal counsel in connection with the negotiation and execution of this agreement and that Artist has either retained and has been represented by such legal counsel or has knowingly and voluntarily waived its right to such legal counsel and desires to enter into this agreement with the benefit of independent legal representation.

DEFINITIONS:
For the clarification of the agreement we work with fixed defintions. These definitions can be read here.

REMAINING:
In the event this agreement fall short on explicitely outline detailled instructions in an situation or provides conflicts with the policies of Firespace Music.The policies of Firespace Music will prevail or be used to interperted as the guideline to solve the situation. Solutions must by any means not jeoperdize the company current level and quality of service both short-term and long-term.